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Immunology Interview Questions and Answers


What are iccosomes?

The particles coated with immune complexes and are released from follicular dendritic cell extensions, are called as iccosomes.


What is an incomplete antibody?

Antibody can bind to an antigen but cannot induce agglutination is called incomplete antibody.


What is opsonin?

Opsonin is a substance, which promotes phagocytosis of antigens by binding to them.


What is a myeloma protein?

It is a monoclonal immunoglobulin produced from a myeloma cell.


What is delayed hypersensitivity?

We can recognize the Symptoms only days after exposure. This is delayed hypersensitivity (DTH).


What is hypersensitivity?

The inflammatory response produced by inflammatory molecules result in tissue damage and some times even death. We call this as hypersensitivity or allergy.


What is anaphylaxis?

It is most rapid hypersensitive reaction. It responds within minutes of applying a stimulus and can get localize. Reactions are mediated by release of pharmacologically active substances.


Give the classification of hypersensitivity.

Hypersensitivity is classified into five types-

  1. Anaphylaxis
  2. Antibody dependant cytotoxicity
  3. Immune complex mediated diseases
  4. Delayed type ‘o’ cell mediated hypersensitivity
  5. Stimulatory hypersensitivity

Name the scientists who classified hypersensitivity.

Coombs and Gell


What are hypersensitive reactions?

If humoral or cellular immunity is switch on to high for length of time, tissue damage may occur. Such reactions are called hypersensitive reactions.


What is auto immunity?

Disease caused by immunological reaction to self-antigen. Such type of diseases is classified either organ specific or non-organ specific.


Name some of the immuno suppressive agents.

  • Cytotoxic agents such as chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Cyclosporine
  • Antilymphocyte antibodies

What is immuno suppression?

Immuno suppression is particularly given to the patients who are undergoing organ transplantation in the treatment of autoimmunity, graft rejection and in allergy conditions.


What are the types in adjuvants?

  1. Organic adjuvants
  2. Synthetic adjuvants
  3. Tuftsin

What is an adjuvant?

Adjuvant potentates the immune response Vaccines need to be enhanced by some substances, these substances are called adjuvants.


What is vaccination?

Vaccination means exploiting the immune system to protect against infectious diseases. Vaccination is done to protect against lethal diseases such as mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, small pox etc.


What is attenuation?

Natural behavior of an organism without causing disease is called attenuation i.e. reducing pathogenesity of the organism.


What is secondary immune response?

Secondary immune response occurs when second exposure to the same antigen occurs after weeks, months or after years.


What is inductive or latent period?

After immunogen is introduced no antibody is detected, this is latent or inductive period. In this period, immunogen is recognized as a foreign substance.


What is primary immune response?

First exposure to an antigen produces primary immune response.


What is a binder?

The binding protein (usually antibody) which binds to the ligand is called as binder.


What is an analyte or ligand?

The substance whose concentration is to be determined is called as an analyte or ligand.


What is importance of radio immuno assay?

It is the most sensitive technique used for detecting antigen or antibody. This type of reaction is also called as binder ligand assay.


In radio immuno assay what is the used to label an antigen?

In this technique, the antigen is generally labeled with a- emitting isotopes such as I125.


What is radio immuno assay?

It is a competitive binding assay in which fixed amount of antibody and radiolabelled antigen react in the presence of unlabelled antigen.


What is western blotting?

Identification of specific protein in a complex mixture of proteins can be accomplished bye a technique that is known as western blotting.


What are the enzymes used for labeling of antibodies?

Enzymes used for labeling of antibodies are horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ß- galactosidase, lacto preoxidase, etc.


What is the significance of indirect ELISA?

It is used for the detection of the presence of serum antibodies against immuno deficiency virus (HIV, the causative agent of AIDS).


In how many ways ELISA can be carried out.

It can be carried out in three ways.
Indirect ELISA
Sand witch ELISA
Competitive ELISA


What is the significance of ELISA?

It is used for the detection and for identification of either antigen or antibody.


Name two enzymes that have been employed for ELISA.

  1. Alkaline, phosphatase, horseradish, preoxidase
  2. Para nitro phenyl phosphatase

What is the basic principle of ELISA?

The basic principle is an enzyme conjugated to n antibody reacts with a colorless substrate to generate a colored product.


What is the full form of ELISA?

Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay.


What are the uses of indirect immuno fluorescence?

  1. For identifying bacterial species
  2. Detecting antigen-antibody complexes in autoimmune diseases
  3. Detecting compliment components in tissues.
  4. Localizing hormones

What are the advantages of indirect immuno fluorescence?

The primary does not need to be conjugated with label.
It increases the sensitivity of staining because multiple fluorochrome reagents will bind to each antibody molecule.
This method has great flexibility.


What is indirect immuno fluorescence?

In a method the primary unlabelled antibody is detected with a number of reagents have been developed for indirect staining. The most common is fluorescence labeled anti isotype antibody such as fluoroscin labeled goat- mouse antibody.


What is the disadvantage of direct immuno fluorescence?

A separate fluorescent conjugate have to be prepared against each antigen to be tested.


What is direct immuno fluorescence?

In this method, the species antibodies are primary antibodies, which are directly conjugated to fluorescent dye.


Into how many types is immuno fluorescence is divided?

Immuno fluorescence is divided into 2 types-

  1. Direct immuno fluorescence
  2. Indirect immuno fluorescence

What are the most commonly used fluorescent dyes?

The most commonly used fluorescent dyes are fluorescin or rhodamine. Both dyes can be conjugated to Fc region of antibody without affecting the specificity of the antigen.


What is immuno fluorescence?

Fluorescence is the property of absorbing light ray of particular wavelength and emitting rays in different wavelength.

Antigens that are bound to cells or tissue sections can be visualized by tugging the antibody molecule with a fluorescent dye or fluorochrome.


Give application of counter current immuno electrophoresis

This technique is applied to detect the antibody against hepatitis-B and to detect antibodies against SLE (systemic leupus erythromotosis) and used to detect specific antigen foe- meningo coccus in cerebrospinal fluid.


What is counter current immuno electrophoresis?

This technique involves the simultaneous electrophoresis of antigen and antibody in the gel in the opposite direction resulting in precipitation of point where there is optimum concentration of antigen-antibody.

This method produces visible precipitin with in 30 minutes and is 10 times more sensitive than the standard double diffusion technique.


Give some applications of immuno electrophoresis.

  1. This technique is useful for testing normal and abnormal proteins in serum and urine.
  2. It is useful to determine whether a patient produces abnormally a low amount of one or more proteins.
  3. It is also used if a patient over produces some serum proteins.

How is immuno electrophoresis more advance than paper electrophoresis?

In paper electrophoresis, serum proteins can be separated into 5 different bands but the same protein using immuno electrophoresis can be separated into 30 different proteins.


What is immuno electrophoresis?

The resolving power of immuno diffusion was greatly enhanced bye immuno electrophoresis. This involves the electrophoretic separation of antigen into its constituent proteins followed by immuno diffusion.

This technique is performed on 1% agarose gel. Antigen mixture is first electrophori zed and separated based on charge, troughs are then cut in the agarose gel, and antiserum is added to the troughs.

The agarose gel is then incubated 18-24hrs during which the antigen and antibody diffuse towards each other. The formation of precipitin bands can be observed for the individual antigen components.


What is double immuno diffusion method?

In this method, both antigens and antibodies diffuse radically from wells towards each other by establishing a concentration gradient. As equivalence is reached, a visible line of precipitation is observed.

The patterns of precipitin lines that are formed when two different antigens are placed in adjacent wells indicate whether they share any common epitope or not.

Identity occurs when two antigens share identical epitopes; hence, the line of precipitation formed by them will fuse to give single curve line of identity.

Non-identity occurs when two antigens are unrelated. The antiserum form independent precipitin lines that cross each other.

Partial identity occurs when two antigens share common epitope. The antiserum forms line of identity with the common epitope and a curved spur with the unique epitope.


What is the limitation for radial immuno diffusion method?

This method cannot the antigens present in concentration below 5-10 micro grams/ml.


What is radial immuno diffusion method?

It is used to qualitate the antigen. Suitable dilution of antiserum is incorporated in the agar gel. Antigen is added to the wells cut on the surface of the gel. As the antigen diffuses into the agar region, equivalence is established and ring of precipitation is formed. The area of precipitin ring is directly proportional to the concentration of antigen. By comparing the area of precipitin with a standard curve obtained by measuring the precipitin area of known concentration of antigen, the concentration of antigen in the given sample can be determined.


Name the two-immuno diffusion techniques.

  • Radial immuno diffusion method and
  • Double immuno diffusion in two dimensions

What are immuno diffusion reactions?

These reactions can be used to determine relative concentrations of antigens and antibodies to compare antigens and to determine the relative purity of an antigen. They are mainly preformed in 1% agarose gels.


What are the applications of precipitation reactions?

  1. Precipitation reaction is the basic reaction for a number of techniques.
  2. It is less sensitive for detecting antibodies.
  3. Precipitation reactions in gels have several advantages rather than in liquid medium.
  4. They have forensic application in identification of blood and seminal stains.

What is zone of equivalence?

In this, ratio of antigen-antibody is seen optimal which results in large multimolecular lattice, hence maximum precipitation is observed.


What is zone of antibody excess?

In this, the first available antigen is completely filled by antibody molecules. Hence, no antigenic determinant is left out free. Unreacted antibody is seen in large amount, hence poor lattice formation.


What are the three distinct phases that a precipitation shows?

The three distinct phases are
Ascending part called ‘zone of antibody excess’.
A peak called ‘zone of equivalence’.
A descending part called ‘zone of antigen excess’.


Give the mechanism of precipitation.

Marrak proposed the lattice hypothesis to explain the mechanism of precipitation.
The amount of precipitate formed is greatly influenced by relative proportions of antigens and antibodies.
The valency of antigens is multivalent.
When antigen-antibody is in optimal concentration, the precipitation is complete. So that, large lattice is formed.


Briefly describe about precipitation reaction.

When a soluble antigen combines with corresponding antibody in the presence of electrolyte at a suitable temperature and pH, the antigen-antibody complex forms an insoluble precipitate .Antibodies that form precipitate ate called precipitants.


Into how many types is antigen-antibody reactions are broadly classified?

It is broadly classified into five-

  1. Precipitation
  2. Agglutination
  3. Complement fixation
  4. Immunoassay using labeled reagents
  5. Immunohistrochemistry (Immunoflourescence)

What is horseman antigen?

The glycolipid antigens are present in most tissues of guinea pigs but not in the RBC. They are found in gastrointestinal mucosa in some people. This horseman antigen will not induce antibody formation.


What are heterophile antigens?

Heterophile antigens are polysaccharides, which are structurally similar because of their limited complexity. They are derived from members of widely separated taxonomic groups.


Give an example of cross-reaction.

Cross reactivity is often observed in polysaccharide antigens that contain similar oligosaccharide residue. A, B, O blood group antigens - These are glycoprotein expressed on RBC.


What is a cross-reaction?

Antigen-antibody reactions are specific, but in some cases antibody elicited by one antigen can cross react with another antigen. This reaction is called as cross-reaction and the antigen that produces cross-reaction is called as cross-reactive antigen. Cross-reaction is due to the presence of two or more antigenic determinants on the related antigen.


What is avidity?

The capacity of an antiserum containing various antibodies to combine with the whole antigen is called avidity. Thus, avidity is used to denote the overall capacity of an antibody to combine with multivalent antigen.

A multivalent antigen has many types of antigenic determinants, when this is injected into the blood each antigenic determinant stimulate the production of particular antibody.


What is affinity of an antibody?

The strength of binding of an antibody to a monovalent antigen or single antigenic determinant is called affinity of an antibody.


Explain in brief about Vander Val interactions in antigen-antibody interaction.

Temporary transfer of electrons from one molecule to another will result in the force of attraction between them. This is seen when the interacting molecules come close to each other.


Explain in brief about hydrophobic interactions in antigen-antibody interaction.

Contribute up to 50% of the total strength of antigen- antibody interactions. These reactions are found when ever the side chains of non-polar amino acids of antigen-antibody come together.


Explain in brief about hydrogen bonds antigen-antibody interaction.

Reversible hydrogen bonds are formed between hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl, amino and carboxylic group. Although hydrogen bonds are relatively weak, they play an important role in interaction of antigen-antibody.


Explain in brief about electrostatic bonds in antigen-antibody interaction.

These are formed due to the attraction between opposite charged protein side chains.


What are the forces that are responsible for antigen-antibody reactions?

The process that holds antigen-antibody together is called non-specific interactions. Inter molecular forces may be classified into four-

  1. Electrostatic bonds
  2. Hydrogen bonds
  3. Hydrophobic interactions
  4. Vander Val interactions

What is a paratope?

The portion of the antibody molecule that binds to the epitope is called as paratope. Epitope and paratope determine the specificity of immunological reactions.


What is an epitope?

The smallest unit of antigenesity is known as antigenic determinant or epitope.
The part of the antigen at which the antibody reacts is known as epitope or antigenic determinant.

It is a small area possessing specific chemical structure and stereo configuration on the antigen capable of sensitizing on immuno site and of reacting with its complimentary site on the specific antibody.


What is antigenic specificity?

Antigen antibody reaction is specific and specificity is determined by special configuration of antigenic determine.


Give some general features of antigen-antibody interaction.

  1. The reaction is specific and antigen combines only with its corresponding antibody and vice versa.
  2. Entire molecules react but not the fragment.
  3. There is no denaturation of antigen or antibody during the reaction.
  4. The combination of antigen – antibody is firm but reversible. The firmness of the reaction is influenced by the affinity and avidity of the reaction.
  5. Both antigens and antibodies participate in the formation of agglutination and precipitation reactions.
  6. Antigens and antibodies can combine in various proportions unlike chemicals with fixed valancy.

 


What is an antigen and antibody interaction?

Antigen-antibody interaction is similar to an enzyme substrate interaction. The reaction between antigen and antibody occurs in two stages. Primary stage is the initial interaction of antigen-antibody without any visible effect .The reaction is rapid and obeys the general law of thermodynamics and physical chemistry.

The primary stage is followed by the secondary stage leading to demonstrate events such as precipitation, lysis of cells, neutralization of toxins and fixation of compliments etc.


Briefly describe about dosage and route of administration, which make a substance antigenic.

Combination of optical dosage and routes of administration will induce a peak immune response in a given animal. An insufficient dose will not stimulate an immune response. An excessive dose does not give a peak immune response because it causes a state of immunological unresponsiveness or non-response known as immunological tolerance.


Briefly, describe about the foreignness of a molecule, which makes a substance antigenic?

To be antigenic macromolecules must come from foreign source. Antigens from related species are less antigenic than that of unrelated species. More distance the antigen source the better is the antigenesity.

Ex: Plant proteins are good antigens in animals, where as duck serum proteins are not good antigens for chick.


Briefly describe about the chemical nature of the molecule, which make a substance antigenic.

Most naturally, occurring antigens are proteins and polysaccharides. Lipids and nucleic acids are less antigenic. The antigenic property of these compounds is enhanced by combination with proteins.

Certain degree of structural complexity is required for antigenesity. Synthetic polymers are macromolecules in size are not antigenic because they lack structural complexity. Ex: Gelatin


Briefly describe about size of a molecule, which make a substance antigenic.

Molecule size of an antigen has a direct relation to antigenesity. Very large molecules such as haemocyanin (6.7 million Daltons) and thymoglobulin (669 kd) are highly antigenic where as low molecular weight compounds whose molecular weight is less than 10,000 Daltons are poor antigenic. Ex: Insulin and histones


What are the factors that influence immunogenesity?

A number of factors have been identified which make a substance antigenic. They are -

  • Size
  • Chemical nature
  • Susceptibility to tissue enzymes
  • Foreignness
  • Immunogen dose and route of administration

Give an example for hapten molecule.

Small molecules such as DNP (Dinitro phenyl), M-amino benzene sulphonate by themselves are not immunogenic. However, when they conjugate with a protein such as Bovine serum Albumin (BSA), they can act as complete antigens.


What are haptens?

Haptens are small molecules that can react specifically with antibodies but cannot initiate immune response by themselves. They have property of antigenesity, but lack immunogenicity.


What is cell-mediated immune response?

It is based on T cells. These T cells are of two types.
T helper cells (TH)
T cytotoxic cells. (TC)

T helper cells interact with antigen MCH II present on APC (Antigen presenting cell) and secrete cytokines. These activate B cells, Tc cells and other phagocytic cells; these activated phagocytic cells kill microorganisms like protozoa and bacteria.


What is humoral immune response?

It is based on antibodies. It is conferred to non-immune individuals by administration of serum antibodies from an immune individual. Antibodies bind to the antigens and facilitate their elimination by forming clusters through cross-linking.


What is immunogenesity?

The ability of a material to induce an immune response is referred to as immunogenesity.


Into how many types is immune response divided?

Immune response is divided into two types

  1. Humoral immune response
  2. Cell mediated immune response.

What is an immunogen?

The ability of a material to induce immune responses referred as immunogenicity and such material is known as an immunogen.


What is antigensity?

The ability of an antigen to combine specifically with the final products of immune response is called as antigensity.


What is an antigen?

A substance that can produce a specific immune response when it is introduced into the animals and that can react specifically with the products of immune response is generally known as an antigen.


What is opsonisation?

Immunoglobulins specific for particulate antigens such as bacteria play an important role by coating the surface of the bacteria and making the antigen more susceptible for phagocytosis. This process is called as opsonisation.


What is Secondary IgA?

It is a dimer of molecular weight of 400,000 Daltons and sedimentation coefficient of 11S.

It contains a glycin rich polypeptide called a secretary component or secretary piece. It is relatively resistant to digestive enzymes and reducing enzymes. It is believed to play an important role in local immunity against respiratory and intestinal pathogens.


What is serum IgA?

It is a monomer. It has a molecular weight of 160,000 Daltons and sedimentation coefficient of 7S.


Give the classification of IgA.


IgA occurs in two forms.

  • Serum IgA
  • Secondary IgA

Give the classification of IgG.

IgG is again sub divided in 4 sub classes. They are

  1. IgG 1
  2. IgG 2
  3. IgG 3
  4. IgG 4

Briefly describe immunoglobulin M.

1) It constitutes 5.8% of total immunoglobulins. It has a normal serum level of 0.5 to 2 mg/ml.
2) it is a pentamer having a molecular weight of 900,000 Daltons and has a sedimentation coefficient of 19S. It is phylogenetically oldest immunoglobulin.
3) It has a half-life of about 5 days.
4) 5 monomers are arranged with their Fc fragments in the centre of the pentamer and the antigen binding sites towards the periphery of the molecule.
5) It is the first immunoglobulin to be synthesized by the foetus beginning by about 20 weeks of age.
6) It is 500-1000 times more effective than IgG in opsonization.
7) It particularly gives protection against microorganisms and other larger antigens that have repeating antigenic determines on their surface.


Define immunoglobulin D

  • Molecular weight of IgD is185, 000 Daltons and has a sedimentation coefficient of 7S.
  • Its concentration in serum is about 3 mg/100ml, which constitutes about 0.2% of total Ig.
  • It is mostly intra vascular in distribution.
  • Its half-life is about 3days.
  • It is rich in carbohydrates.
  • IgD along with IgM occurs on the surface of unstimulated or mature B cells and serves as a reorganization receptor for antigens.
  • No biological effect or function has been identified for IgD.

Briefly describe immunoglobulin (Ig) E.

1) It is a monomer having a molecular weight of about 200,000 Daltons and has a sedimentation coefficient of 8S.
2) Its half life is about 2 days
3) Its concentration in serum is very low i.e. 0.3 mg/ml.
4) It exhibits unique property such as heat labiality and affinity for the surface of tissue cells such as mast cells.
5) It does not pass the placental barrier.
6) It is chiefly produced in the linings of respiratory and intestinal tracks.
7) It is responsible for the anaphylactic type of hypersensitivity.
8) The physiological role of IgE appears to be protection against pathogens by mast cells degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators.
9) Interleukin fold enhances the secretion of IgE.


Briefly describe Immunoglobulin (Ig) A.

1) It is the second most abundant class containing 10-13% if serum immunoglobulins.
2) It has a half-life of 6-8 days.
3) IgA is actively secreted by mucosal associated lymphoidal tissue (MALT).
4) Its molecular weight is 60,000 Daltons.
5) IgA is synthesized locally by plasma cells and dimerized intra-cellular before secretion, with the help of cysteine rich polypeptide, called the J chain, which has a molecular weight of 15,000.IgA functions by inhibiting the adherence of coated microorganisms to the surface of mucosal cells.


Briefly describe Immunoglobulin (Ig) G.

1) This is the major serum Ig containing 75% of the total serum immunoglobulin concentration.
2) It has a molecular weight of 150,000 Daltons and sedimentation coefficient is seven.
3) Its half-life is approximately 23 days.
4) It is the Ig, which is normally transported across the placenta and provides natural passive immunity to the newborn
5) It participates in immunological reactions such as compliment fixation, precipitation, and neutralization of toxins and viruses.
6) It is secreted in large amounts during secondary immune response.


What are isotypes?

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE classes are variants of immunoglobulin molecule. They are termed as isotypic variants or isotypes.


How immunoglobulins are measured?

Immunoglobulins are measured using sedimentation coefficient (measured by Svedberg) or ‘S’ value.


Give the classification of immunoglobulin molecules.

Immunoglobuins are classified into 5 different types. They are
1) IgG
2) IgA
3) IgM
4) IgD
5) IgE


The area of the H chain, which is between CH1 and CH2 domain, is called as­­­­­­­­­­___________.

Hinge region. It is rich in Proline and second highest amino acid cysteine.


What are the domains, which are present in heavy chain?

Heavy chain contains one variable domain (VH) and either 3 or 4 constant domains (CH1, CH2, CH3, and CH4).


What are the domains, which are present in the light chain?

Light chain contains one variable domain (VL) and one constant domain (CH).


Name the scientists who elucidated the basic structure of immunoglobulin.

Rodney Porter and Gerald Edelman


Name the bond linking the two heavy chains

1-2 disulphide bonds


Name the bond linking L chain and H chain.

Disulphide bond


What are immunoglobulins?

Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins, each molecule containing two pairs of polypeptide chains of different sizes, smaller ones are called light chains (L), and larger ones are called heavy chains (H).


What are basophils?

They are found in blood and in tissues. They contain several hydrolytic enzymes and amines like histamine, serotonin etc.


What are oesnophils?

They are found in large number in allergic inflammatory actions and in parasitic infections.


What are neutrophils?

They are most abundant leucocytes. Constitute 60 – 75% of blood leucocytes. They are active in phagocytosis.


What are microphages?

Neutrophils, oesnophils, basophils are called as microphages.


What are dendritic cells?

Cells, which help in presentation of antigen to cell during primary immune response, are dendritic cells. They have no phagocytic activity and are highly polymorphic. They are present in peripheral lymphoidal organs particularly and in the germinal centers of spleen and lymph nodes.


Macrophages, which are present in the lungs, are called as.

Macrophages, which are present in the lungs, are called as Alveolar Macrophages.


Macrophages, which are present in the brain, are called as.

Macrophages, which are present in the brain, are called as Microglia.


Macrophages, which are present in the liver, are called as.

Macrophages, which are present in the liver, are called as Kupffer cells


Macrophages, which are present in the connective tissue, are called as.

Macrophages, which are present in the connective tissue, are called as Histeocytes.


Immature macrophages, which are present in the blood stream, are called as.

Immature macrophages, which are present in the blood stream, are called as Monocytes.


What are phagocytic cells (macrophages)?

All macrophages originate from bone marrow stem cells in the form of monoblast, which develop into promonocytes and monocytes. Monocytes enter the blood and their half-life in the blood is about 3 days. Later they enter into the tissues and develop into macrophages.


What are natural killer cells?

These are large granulated lymphocytes posses’ spontaneous cytotoxicity towards various target cells mainly the malignant cells and virus infected cells. Their cytotoxicity is not antibody dependant. They bind to glycoprotein receptor of target cells and release cytolytic factor.


Give the classification of null cells.

Null cells are classified into three types.

  1. Natural killer cells
  2. Antibody dependant cellular cytotoxic cells
  3. Lymphokine activated killer cells.

What are null cells?

The lymphocytes that are devoid of markers for T and B- cells are called null cells.


What are TH- cells?

T helper cells (TH) will recognize the antigen when it is presented by antigen presenting cell along with MHC class – II complex. They secrete various cytokines activate B – cells Tc cells and a variety of cells that participate in the immune response.


What is the life span of a plasma cell?

The life span of a plasma cell is 2 – 3 days.


What are plasma cells?

They are antibody-secreting cells. They are oval in shape and twice the size of small lymphocytes, with a centrally placed oval nucleus containing large blocks of chromatin located peripherally.


What is B – lymphocyte?

They are derives from bone marrow stem cells. Their development and maturation takes place in bone marrow. Matured B-cells leave the bone marrow and migrate via blood stream to the secondary lymphoid organs.


Give the classification of lymphocytes

They are classified into two types.
T- lymphocytes: derived from thymus
B – lymphocytes: derived from bone marrow


What are lymphocytes?

They are the central cells of immune system responsible for acquired immunity, diversity, specificity, memory, self and non-self recognition.

Lymphocytes are small, round cells found in peripheral blood, lymph, lymphoid organs and in many tissues.


What is haematopoisis?

Formation and development of red and white blood cells from stem cell is called haematopoisis.


What is bursa of fabricius?

It is a lympho epithelial organ arising as a pouch from the dorsal part of the cloacae in birds. Its development, structure, and function are parallel to those of thymus. In birds, it is the primary site of B-cells maturation.


What are T- cells?

Lymphocytes produced in the thymus are called as T-cells or thymus dependant lymphocytes.


What is the function of bone marrow?

Bane marrow serves as a site for B-cell development and maturation. Immature B-cells proliferate and differentiate within the microenvironment of the bone marrow into immuno competent of bursal lymphocyte (or) B-cell.


What is the relation between thymus and immune function?

The importance of thymus in lymphocyte proliferation and development of cell mediated immune response came from experiments involving neonatal thymectomic in which the thymus was surgically removed from newborn mice. These thymectaomide mice showed a dramatic decrease in T-Lymphocytes and an absence of cell mediated immune response. This condition is seen in congenital birth defect in humans.


What is the function of thymus?

The primary function of thymus is the production of thymic lymphocyte. It is the major site for lymphocyte proliferation in the body.


What are secondary lymphoid organs?

Lymphnode, spleen, various mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) are secondary lymphoid organs. After acquiring immune competency, the lymphocytes migrate along blood and lymph streams and accumulate in the peripheral lymphoid organs.


What are primary lymphoid organs?

Thymus and Bone marrow are the primary lymphoid organs. During haematopiosis, immature lymphocytes are generated. These become mature and acquire immune competence within primary lymphoid organs. Primary lymphoid organs are also called as central lymphoid organs.


What is artificial passive immunity?

It is the resistance passively transferred to a recipient by administration of antibodies.


What is natural passive immunity?

It is the resistance passively transferred from the mother to the baby. Antibodies are transferred predominantly through the placenta. By active immunization of mother during pregnancy is possible to improve the quantity of immunity.


How Passive immunity is classified?

Passive immunity is classified into two types.

  1. Natural passive immunity
  2. Artificial passive immunity

Define artificial active immunity, and give an example?

It is the resistance induced by vaccines. Vaccine is preparation of live or killed microorganisms or their products used for immunization.
Ex: 1. Bacterial vaccines- 1) Live - BCG for Tuberculosis
Killed - TAB for entire fever.
Ex: 2.Viral vaccines- 1) Live – ORAL polio militias.
Killed – SALK polio militias


Define natural active immunity, and give an example to support the definition?

Natural active immunity results either from a clinical or in appointed infection with a parasite.
Ex: 1. a person who has recovered from an attack of measles develops natural active immunity.
Ex: 2. the immunity is life long in case of viral diseases such as chicken pox or measles.


Into how many types is active immunity further classified? What are they?

Active immunity is classified into two types-

  1. Natural active immunity
  2. Artificial active immunity

Define passive immunity

The resistance that is transmitted from a recipient in a ready-made form is known as passive immunity.


Define active immunity

Active immunity is the resistance developed by an individual because of antigenic stimulus.


Into how many types acquired immunity is classified.

Acquired immunity is classified into two types.

  1. Active immunity and
  2. Passive immunity

How many major groups of cells are involved in acquired immunity?

It involves two groups of cells. They are
Lymphocytes
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)


How many types of defensive barriers are there in innate immunity?

There are four types of defensive barriers.

  1. Anatomic
  2. Physiologic
  3. Endocytic and phagocytic and
  4. Inflammatory components

Define acquired immunity.

The resistance that an individual acquired during life is known as acquired immunity. Unlike innate immunity, this immune system is highly adaptive and exhibits four characteristic features.

  1. Antigen specificity
  2. Diversity
  3. Immunologic memory
  4. Recognition of self from non-self antigens

Define innate immunity.

Innate immunity is the resistance to diseases that an individual has from the time of its birth.


Into how many types immunity is classified.

Immunity is classified into two types.

  1. Innate immunity (or) native immunity (or) natural immunity
  2. Acquired immunity

Define immune system

Immune system is a defense system that protects from pathogenic microorganisms (harmful) and cancer.


Define the term immunity

Immunity refers to the resistance exhibited by the host towards injury caused by microorganisms and their products.
(Or)
Immunity is concerned with resistance to infection.


What is isotype switching?

It is conversion of antibody class to another resulting from genetic rearrangement of heavy chain constant region genes in B cells. Isotype switching is also called as class switching.


What is lysogeny?

The condition in which viral genome that is provirus associated with host genome in a way that the viral genes remain in unexpressed state.


What is microglial cell?

Macrophage found in central nervous system is called microglial cell.


What is a myeloma cell?

It is a cancerous plasma cell.


What is a myeloma cell?

It is a cancerous plasma cell.


What is myeloma protein?

It is a monoclonal immunoglobulin, which is produced by myeloma cell.


What is multiple sclerosis?

An autoimmune disease affects the central nervous system.


What is a pathogen?

Pathogen is a disease-causing organism.


What is a stem cell?

It is a cell, from which differentiated cells derive.


What is tapasin?

It is a protein that is associated with class I MHC molecules.


What is a vaccine?

It is a preparation of antigenic material used to induce immunity against pathogens.


What are tumor antigens?

Tumor antigens are cell surface proteins, which are present on the surface of tumor cells that induce cell-mediated immune response.


Name the parasite, which causes malaria?

The parasites that cause malaria are Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falcifarum.


Name the parasite, which causes leishmaniasis?

It is Leishmania species.


Name the parasite, which causes chagas disease?

It is Trypanosoma cruzi.


Name the parasite, which causes sleeping sickness or trypanosomiasis?

Trypanosoma rhodense, Trypanosoma gambiense


What is the mechanism of host defense in malaria?

Blocks invasion and opsonises for phagocytosis


What is the mechanism of host defense in leishmaniasis?

Restrict the spread of disease.


What is the mechanism of host defense in chagas disease?

Lysis in presence of compliment


What is the mechanism of host defense in trypanosomiasis?

Opsonises for phagocytosis


What is the response type and activity shown by effector molecule IgA?

Blocks binding of virus to host cells, thus preventing infection


What is the response type and activity shown by effectors molecules IgG, IgM and IgA?

Blocks fusion of viral envelope to the cell plasma membrane


What is the response type and activity shown by effector molecule IgG, IgM?

Enhances phagocytosis by opsonization


What is the response type and activity shown by effectors molecule IgM?

Agglutination


What is the response type and activity shown by effectors molecule compliment activated by IgG or IgM?

Mediated opsonization


What is the response type and activity shown by effectors molecule IFN ? secreted by TH or TC cell?

Cell mediated immune response.


What is the response type and activity shown by effectors molecule cytotoxic T cells?

Cell mediated immune response.
Activity: Kills virus infected self-cells.


What is the response type and activity shown by effector molecule natural killer cell macrophages?

Cell mediated immune response.
Activity: Kills virus infected cells by ADCC.


What is the host defense mechanism shown if an attachment is made to host cell?

Blockage of attachment by secretory IgA antibodies


What is the host defense mechanism shown if the infection is through proliferation?

Phagocytosis compliment mediated lysis localized inflammatory response.


What is the host defense mechanism shown if the infection is through invasion of host tissues?

Antibody mediated agglutination.


What is the host defense mechanism shown if the infection is through toxin-induced damage of host cells?

Neutralization of toxin by antibodies


What is an exon?

Exon is a region of a gene that contains coding sequences for a “polypeptide”.


What is an intron?

The nucleotide sequence present between exons of a gene. They can be removed by the process of splicing.


What is immunolabeling?

Labeling molecules by the use of antibodies bound to another molecule that serves as labels for an antigen antibody complex.


What is immunoblotting?

This is a technique to determine the presence of an antigen by the reaction of labeled antibodies to the antigen. This is done after separating the antigens according to the size or charge by gel electrophoresis.


What is i-gene?

It is a bacterial gene, that code for lac operon- repressor protein.


What is an iso antigen?

It is produced only by some members of a species but not the others. These are capable of eliciting immune response in the individuals that lack the antigen.


What is the other name of isoantigen?

The other name is Alloantigen.


Give an example for alloantigen

Blood group antigens are alloantigens.


Name some features of a secondary immune response that distinguish it from primary immune response

Secondary immune response requires an amplified population of memory cells. Response is more rapid compared to primary immune response.


Describe major events in the inflammatory response.

The following are the major events in the inflammatory response:
The diameter of the capillaries increases in the affected region and their permeability, which facilitates influx of white blood cells.


What does the following sentence means? “T cell is said to be class I restricted”.

It means that they can recognize the antigen, which is, associated with class I MHC molecules.


Name the assay method for IgG in serum.

The method is ELISA.


Name the assay method for compliment component C3 on glomerullar basement membrane.

Immunofluorescence


Name the assay method for horsemeat combination of hamburger.

Agglutination


Name the assay method for insulin in serum.

ELISA or RIA


How B cell hybridomass are formed?

They are formed by the fusion of antigen primed B cells with cancerous plasma cells.


Expand cell line HL-60.

Human myeloid leukemia cell line


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Privacy commitment

Your information in GoRecroot

GoRecroot is dedicated to protecting your personal information and hereby we are informing you about how we handle it. This privacy commitment only applies to transactions and activities in which you engage, and data gathered, on GoRecroot ("GoRecroot", "GoRecroot.com", the "site" or "website", or "Service") through email campaigns conducted on behalf of our customers, or email communications between GoRecroot members (collectively, the "Site") but does not apply to any other Website or offline point of contact between GoRecroot, or any other company, and consumers. Please review this privacy commitment periodically as we may modify it from time to time. Each time you visit the site or provide us with information, by doing so you are accepting the practices described in this privacy commitment at that time.

Information collected

Your personally identifiable information collected by GoRecroot:

  • Our registration form requires you to give us certain information such as your name, email address, address, phone number and password. You may always choose not to provide such Personally Identifiable Information; however, this may limit our ability to provide you with a specific service or particular content.
  • We may also collect demographic and other data, which may include Personally Identifiable Information. This information is provided by you, and you have the choice whether or not to input information about yourself.
  • Demographic information is divided into two categories: 1) "non-public information", which consists of personal or financial information and one-on-one communications between you and other users of the Site; and 2) "public information", which consists of all other demographic information. We ask that you do not enter personal information or financial information into your "Profile." Please note that nowhere on the Site do we knowingly collect personal information from children under the age of 18, as we require that all users represent to us that they are at least 18 years old.
  • If you place an order for services on GoRecroot, you may be required to enter your credit card number and information, as well as your address and/or other contact information.

Profile:

  • If you choose to build a Profile you will be required to register with the Personally Identifiable Information indicated above.
  • You will also be able to enter information regarding your skills, experience and interests that will allow other Users to search for people like you. By default, your Profile will be public and available to Users of GoRecroot and anyone else who searches the Internet for public information. GoRecroot reserves the right to distribute your public profile information, or parts thereof, in marketing materials and communications in the media, in publications online and offline.
  • GoRecroot may use your Profile information to match you to various job opportunities or users. Once presented with the opportunity, you can choose whether to make contact with the matched user(s) or act on the job opportunity.

Personally identifiable information collected by GoRecroot's Business Partners:

  • GoRecroot works with employers, third-party advertising companies, sponsors and other companies with whom we do business ("Business Partners") to place advertising on our site and in email communications sent to our registered users and to recipients of Job Opportunities, Job Search Alerts, and other communications related to GoRecroot. Information about your visit to this site, such as number of times you have viewed an ad, may be used to serve advertising to you.
  • Recipients of job opportunities have the option to inquire or forward the job on to friends. When you inquire or forward jobs, at minimum, your name and email address is shared with the employer offering the job.
  • GoRecroot may correlate or match registered user information, including Personally Identifiable Information, with information held by our Business Partners to fill job positions, target ads or otherwise improve the effectiveness of our service. Our Business Partners may read or set cookies on your hard drive, use pixel tags, track which ads you have viewed, or collect other information about you.
  • From time to time, GoRecroot may also have special offers that are sponsored by a Business Partner. In order to participate in these offers, you may be required to follow a separate registration process. If you consent to receive information from a Business Partner, through an opt-out process, GoRecroot may pass your information to such Business Partners.
  • GoRecroot may also offer goods or services for purchase available by our Business Partners. If you purchase goods or services offered through GoRecroot by a Business Partner, then you may be required to submit Personally Identifiable Information in order to complete the transaction and GoRecroot may provide your Personally Identifiable Information to such Business Partner for that purpose.
  • In some cases, we may enter into a promotional relationship with a Business Partner in which we prominently display their brand name or trademarks on pages that appear the same as or very similar to the pages of the GoRecroot service. These pages are known as "Co-Branded Pages" and these particular Business Partners are known as "Co-Branded Business Partners."
  • If the page on which you submit information is a Co-Branded Page, or was accessed by clicking on a link on a Co-Branded Page, then we may share your personal information with the associated Co-Branded Business Partner. Co-Branded Business Partners may use your personal information in accordance with their own privacy policies. GoRecroot disclaims all liability for the privacy policies and procedures on any Business Partner or Co-Branded Business Partner Web site.
  • You will need to contact the Co-Branded Business Partner to instruct them directly regarding your preferences for the use of your personal information by them. Additionally, you agree that GoRecroot may use and disclose all such information so submitted to such Co-Branded Business Partners in the same manner in which we are entitled to use and disclose any other information you submit to us (see Use of Personally Identifiable Information by Business Partners below).

Cookies:

GoRecroot wants to optimize your experience by ensuring that the most relevant information, searches and offers are displayed to you while using the GoRecroot web site. A common manner in which to do this is by placing cookies on your computer. Cookies are strings of text and numbers that can identify your computer to us when you visit our site, and which may be correlated with your Personally Identifiable Information in our log files.

IPAddress:

We log standard information such as your IP address along with the URL from which you came to our site and the URLs visited on our site, which may or may not contain some Personally Identifiable Information. When we send messages to you or others, we may provide a URL link to the GoRecroot site that contains an alphanumeric identifier, which allows us to identify the person to whom we sent the message so that we can personalize our content for that individual.

PixelTags:

GoRecroot uses pixel tags to gather information about the emails we send to our registered users and to recipients of messages. Pixel tags are tiny graphic files, not visible to the human eye, that are included in our HTML-encoded email messages. When such a message is opened in an HTML-capable email program, the recipient's computer will access our server to retrieve the pixel tag file, allowing us to record and store, along with your email address, the date and time the recipient viewed the invite or reminder, that the recipient's email program is capable of receiving HTML-encoded email, and other standard logging information. The pixel tag also may see or read cookies. For more information about cookies and how to disable their use, see the section below on "Use of Cookies."

Use of information

Use of Personally identifiable information by GoRecroot:

  • We use the collected Personally Identifiable Information to verify you and to contact you in connection with your transactions, postings and other activities on the site, to forward to you messages from other Users, to communicate with you about Job opportunities of interest to you and to operate the GoRecroot service.
  • GoRecroot may capture searches and other activity conducted by you on the GoRecroot Service in order to make suggestions to you regarding what similar searches, activities or topics might be of interest to you.
  • These types of communications may contain commercial messages, such as banner ads and special offers. Each communication we send to you, other than communications sent to you for the sole purpose of addressing a technical or operational issue regarding the GoRecroot service, will give you the opportunity to opt-out of receiving further such communications from us.
  • Use of our invitation service to tell a friend about our site or a job opportunity, or to participate in a referral chain, requires that you enter your friend’s email address. We will automatically send your friend a one-time email inviting him or her to visit the site or view the opportunity. GoRecroot stores this information to send this one-time email, to register a friend connection if your invitation is accepted, and to track the success of the GoRecroot referral program. Your friend may contact us at GoRecroot to request that we remove this information from view in our active database (Please use GoRecroot Privacy in the subject line).
  • GoRecroot uses your Personally Identifiable Information to help us provide you with personalized content, advertising, and commercial messages (collectively, "Content").
  • GoRecroot does not sell, share or otherwise provide any "Personally Identifiable Information" you give to us with any Business Partner without your consent, which may be obtained through an opt-in request (see Use of Personally Identifiable Information by Business Partners below), unless required by law, court order or as required to technically operate the service, or to complete a transaction or order.
  • GoRecroot does reserve the right to share your Personally Identifiable Information with its parent, subsidiary or affiliated entities ("affiliated entities" are those companies owned or controlled by GoRecroot's parent company).

Use of Personally identifiable information by Other Users:

  • Other users will be able to view the information that you provide on your Profile.
  • Other users may choose to contact you. However, to ensure your privacy, GoRecroot will not display or give out your email address or any other contact information to other users on the site. We have developed a process that uses a "double-blind" email system, which hides the email addresses of both the sender and recipient of email messages to protect the privacy of both the sender and receiver. When using the process on the site, it is up to you to choose when you are comfortable disclosing your email address, or any other contact information, to others through private communications.
  • Similarly, you may contact other users on the site, and GoRecroot will hide your email address by using the “double-blind” email process on the site.
  • Use of our invitation service to tell a friend about our site or a job opportunity, or participation in a referral chain, requires that you enter your friend’s email address. We will automatically send your friend a one-time email inviting him or her to visit the site or view the opportunity. GoRecroot stores this information to send this one-time email, to register a friend connection if your invitation is accepted, and to track the success of the GoRecroot referral program. Your friend may contact us at GoRecroot to request that we remove this information from view in our active database (Please use GoRecroot Privacy in the subject line).

Use of Your Personally identifiable information by GoRecroot's Business Partners:

  • OContracted employers using GoRecroot to send their jobs to you may receive your contact information (name and email address) from another user on GoRecroot, from one of their employees participating in a GoRecroot referral campaign, or by using other means outside the context of GoRecroot, such as their own database of resumes or a third party database. In all cases, the employer using GoRecroot to contact you is subject to this Privacy Commitment. And, you may at any time choose to opt out of receiving further communication from GoRecroot. However, even if GoRecroot blocks further use of your contact information, GoRecroot cannot prevent employers who have obtained your name and email address independently from GoRecroot from contacting you directly. GoRecroot recommends contacting the employer directly if you wish to opt-out of further communication.
  • In order to provide other offers of particular interest to you, GoRecroot may share demographic, geographic, and other Personally Identifiable Information with its Business Partners with your explicit consent (opt-in).

PLEASE NOTE: The privacy practices of advertisers and other companies who provide services or advertising through our site are not covered by this privacy commitment. Please contact those companies directly for more information about their privacy practices. If you wish to prevent those companies from setting cookies on your browser, you may set your browser to refuse cookies or to warn you before setting a cookie. Disabling cookies set by companies whose products or services are advertised on this site may affect your ability to use this site.

When we may disclose your personally identifiable information, GoRecroot communications content, data and information

GoRecroot may disclose your Personally Identifiable Information or the contents of your private communications if required to do so by law or court order. Your Personally Identifiable Information may also be disclosed if necessary in order to complete a transaction such as the fulfillment of an order or purchase placed by you.
GoRecroot will in no way disclose the contents of your GoRecroot communications other than to the intended recipient(s) unless required (1) by law or court order, (2) to protect GoRecroot's rights and property, (3) to protect against unauthorized use of the GoRecroot site, and (4) during emergencies such as when we believe someone's physical safety is at risk.
Also, certain technical processing of messages and their content may be required to: (1) send and receive messages; (2) conform to connecting networks' technical requirements; (3) conform to the limitations of the Service; or (4) conform to other similar requirements.
It is possible that as we continue to develop the GoRecroot website and business, GoRecroot and/or related assets may be acquired. In such a transaction, customer information may be transferred to the acquiring entity.

Security

This site has industry standard security measures in place to protect the loss, misuse and integrity of the information under our control. Although we make good faith efforts to store the information collected by the GoRecroot service in a secure operating environment that is not available to the public, we cannot guarantee complete security.

Other Websites or Links

This Website contains links to other websites. GoRecroot is not responsible for the privacy practices or the content of such websites.

Opt-Out/Correct/Delete/Deactivate

You may elect not to receive future communications from GoRecroot or to discontinue use of our service. If you are a registered user, please log in and visit your settings on the “Edit Profile” page of the website and uncheck the box related to sending information to you via email.
If you have previously made contact (by expressing interest in a job, or participating in communication, or referring someone else for a job) with GoRecroot business partners, you must independently opt-out of communications from that individual company.
Individuals who wish to deactivate their GoRecroot account may do so. Removed information may persist in backup or cached copies for a reasonable period of time but will not be generally available to any user of GoRecroot.
GoRecroot allows its users the option to change information previously provided. This may be done through the following method:

  • Log in to the GoRecroot site; access your “Edit Profile” view. From here you can answer, delete, update or change any content that you have previously submitted.

Changes to this policy

GoRecroot reserves the right to amend this Privacy Commitment at its sole discretion. If we make any substantive changes to the policy in the future with regard to how we use your information, we will notify registered users through the GoRecroot newsletter. For other users, substantive changes will be posted on the site in this location, and the date of the changes will be noted on the Web site for a period of time.

Your continued use of the site after the changes are posted constitutes your agreement to the changes with regard to information collected in the past and in the future from you. If you do not agree to the changes, you may opt-out as described above.

USER AGREEMENT

The following Terms and Conditions are applicable to all users ("You") of GoRecroot in regards to membership, submission of Resumes or Job Orders or related content or Job Orders, job orders, user conduct, and use of GoRecroot services.
BY PRESSING THE "I ACCEPT" BUTTON, THIS MEANS YOU HAVE READ AND FULLY ACCEPTED THE RULES HEREUNDER, THUS BEING PLACED UNDER LEGAL OBLIGATION. PRESSING THE "I DISAGREE" BUTTON WILL CANCEL THE REGISTRATION PROCESS AND YOU WILL BE DENIED ACCESS AND USE OF MANY OF THE GORECROOT SERVICES.
GoRecroot reserves the right to change these terms and conditions at its own discretion. Your continued use after amendment or changes would mean your acceptance of any such changes. So please be advised to visit this page from time to time to be updated of modifications.

Intellectual property rights

All materials in this site are property, copyright, and trademark of GoRecroot. Unauthorized changing, alteration, modification, of materials herein are strictly prohibited. All copyright, trademark, and other property notices at GoRecroot are protected under Philippines and international copyright laws. Written permission to copy, display, publish, reproduce any of these materials for commercial use must be requested at help@gorecroot.com

User Information

The registration process at GoRecroot shall require you to provide certain information details. Information contained therein may be imparted to third parties, but personal identifiable details such as name, address, e-mail address, or any contact number will not be disclosed unless you take some action to prefer otherwise, or if applicable law requires it. Please view GoRecroot's commitment to confidentiality for more details about User's privacy policy.

Site Use

If you register for an Account at GoRecroot then you represent and attest that you are over 18 years old and are eligible for our services in conformity with this Agreement. Individuals who are under thirteen are expressly prohibited from posting any personally identifiable information about themselves. You gain access to GoRecroot services and the functionality associated with the membership account through registering in our web site. Accounts are provided to users for free, although there is no assurance that accounts will always be free. Specific premium services may be added in the future and usage of such premium services will make the member responsible for the charges associated with that premium service. You may use GoRecroot services solely for your lawful use of seeking employment, and of gathering career or job information.

Users are restricted with the following guidelines:

  1. Please submit true and correct Resumes or Job Orders or related content only. You should not submit false, inaccurate, fraudulent Resumes or Job Orders or related content or Job Orders or which is not your own accurate resume, as seeking employment on another's behalf on full or part time basis. I agree and accept that I will be liable for immediate termination of service if I am found to have given false information
  2. Emailing, contacting, or otherwise transmitting any unsolicited or unauthorized advertising, promotional materials, "junk mail", "spam", "chain letters", "work-at-home schemes", "pyramid schemes", "financial independence schemes", network marketing, multi-level marketing, arrangements which require payments, or any other form of solicitation is strictly prohibited. Please report inappropriate contact to help@gorecroot.com
  3. Transmitting, posting or sending of any material that contains unlawful, libelous, harassing, vulgar, lewd, obscene, hateful, or that is racially or ethnically objectionable that violate another's right of privacy or publicity is strictly prohibited. Please report inappropriate posting tohelp@gorecroot.com
  4. Impersonation, and or false representation of your affiliation with a person or entity; deletion nor revision of any material posted by any other person or entity is not allowed.
  5. Uploading, posting, transmitting or sending any material, device, software, that contains virus, corrupted data or any routine that can interfere or attempt to interfere with the proper working of this Web Site or adversely affect the availability of resources to users is strictly forbidden.
  6. You may not alter, change, modify, remove, translate disassemble, or obscure any notices, markings, content, and downloadable documents contained in the web site nor produce a source listing, create derivative versions of any parts of this web site.
  7. Protect your password. Disclosing or sharing your password or leakage of password that third party may access the non-public area of this web site can cause inappropriate postings of materials to your account
  8. Printing, downloading, duplicating or otherwise copying, or making use of any personally identifiable information about other users for purposes of engaging in unsolicited communications of any type to users is strictly prohibited.

Violation

GoRecroot retains the right in its sole discretion to limit, restrict, or terminate your access to the services if the terms of this Agreement or any applicable federal, state, local or international laws or regulations have not been met or have been violated, without prior notice or liability.

No Relationship Intended

There is no intended employee-employer relationship that will be created between GoRecroot and its users by this Agreement. GoRecroot will not be responsible for any employment decisions, nor to be considered to be an employer or agent with respect to your use of the web site.

Responsibility

GoRecroot acts as a passive conduit for your online publication and distribution of your information and you expressly consent to certain exposure of your personally identifiable information to third parties, and the use of your information by us and third parties. AS A USER, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT YOU ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FORM, CONTENT AND ACCURACY OF YOUR RESUME, WEB PAGE OR MATERIAL CONTAINED THEREIN AND FOR WHATEVER CONSEQUENCE THESE POSTING MAY BRING OR FOR ANY AND ALL ACTIVITIES THAT SHOULD OCCUR UNDER YOUR ACCOUNT. However, GoRecroot may take any action with respect to the content if we believe it may create liability for us or may cause us to lose (in whole or in part) the services of our ISPs or other suppliers. YOU ARE ENTIRELY RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF YOUR PASSWORD AND ACCOUNT. YOU UNDERSTAND THAT DISCLOSURE OF YOUR PASSWORD TO ANY THIRD PARTY, EXCEPT AS REQUIRED BY LAW, COULD CAUSE DAMAGE TO YOUR GOODWILL AND REPUTATION. You are responsible for your own communication. Downloaded data, or any material obtained in GoRecroot is done at your own discretion, at your own risk and that you are solely responsible for the result, data loss or of any damage it may cost to your computer system. You are solely responsible for backing up or saving all of your files or data. You shall be responsible for any contracts entered into between you and employers/recruiters and GoRecroot will not be responsible and shall exercise no control over the method or manner by which you render services for them.

Limitation of Liability

You agree that personal data posted or submitted was at your own risk and that GoRecroot will not be held liable or responsible should a user's personal data was used in purposes other than seeking for employment. YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT GORECROOT DOES NOT ENDORSE THE CONTENTS OF USER'S COMMUNICATION and shall not be responsible for any material that is unlawful, inaccurate, deceptive, misleading, libelous, harassing, vulgar, lewd, obscene, or anything offensive contained therein and shall not be obligated to modify or remove such content you might find objectionable. You acknowledge that GoRecroot does not confirm the authenticity of user posts and claims and will not be liable for any potential harm, including financial or physical arising from misrepresentations or dealings with unknown person, foreign nationals, underage persons or people acting under false pretenses. GoRecroot does not validate or endorse user submitted content and will not be held liable for any infringement arising there from or any crime conducted thereby.
IN NO EVENT SHALL GORECROOT OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE TO ANY USER OR ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, EXEMPLARY, SPECIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER FOR ANY PECUNIARY LOSS, RESULTING FROM THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE WEB SITE, OR RELATING TO THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS, EVEN IF GORECROOT AND/OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. YOU ASSUME THE ENTIRE COST OF ANY DAMAGE RESULTING FROM THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE WEB SITE, AND IN NO EVENT GORECROOT SHALL ASSUME COST OF SUCH DAMAGES. LIMITATION OF GORECROOT LIABILITY SHALL BE OF MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW IN SOME JURISDICTIONS THAT DO NOT PERMIT THE EXCLUSION OR RESTRICTION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES.

Disclaimer

YOU EXPRESSLY ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT YOUR ACCESS AND THE USE OF GORECROOT IS AT YOUR OWN RISK, WITH SERVICES PROVIDED "AS IS", ON AN "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS, WITHOUT ANY CONDITION WHATSOEVER OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND. YOU (and not GoRecroot or its affiliates, agents, licensees or licensors) ARE THEREFORE RESPONSIBLE FOR EVALUATING THE QUALITY OR THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED AND SHALL BEAR AND ASSUME ALL COST OF SERVICING, REPAIRING, OR ANY EXPENSES FROM DAMAGES SHOULD THERE BE DEFECTS, HOWEVER ARISING AND HOWEVER CAUSED. YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT YOU ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES TO YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEMS OR DATA LOSS THAT RESULTED FROM DOWNLOAD OR OBTAINMENT OF ANY MATERIAL OR DATA WHICH WAS DONE AT YOUR OWN DISCRETION AND RISK THROUGH THE USE OF THE SERVICES.

Indemnity

You agree to defend, exonerate, indemnify, hold GoRecroot, its parents, subsidiaries, affiliates, directors, officers and employees, harmless from and against any and all losses, liability, demand, damage, cost and expenses including reasonable attorneys' fees, or relating to any credit card processing services, credit card processing, account losses of any type whatsoever in the performance of this agreement, or as the result of normal business dealings asserted by any third party due to or arising out of your use of or conduct on the web site.

Technical Support

GoRecroot is providing you with limited technical support related to use of the services and general information about using the Internet at no charge or cost. GoRecroot will not be providing, however, any information about how to access any particular resource on the Internet, other than the site services or technical support for any computer or hardware or software products or telecommunications products.

Links to Other Sites

GoRecroot does not control or endorse and is not responsible or liable for the content, advertising, products or any other materials available on any other web sites linked to our web site. As these links are provided as Internet navigation tools only, users agree that GoRecroot is not responsible or liable, for any damages or loss or alleged to be caused by the goods and services available on such external site resources.

Truth in Employment Advertising

GoRecroot cannot ensure that all job opportunities are reputable and legitimate. A word of advice to remember: VIRTUALLY ALL LEGITIMATE EMPLOYERS DO NOT ASK FOR MONEY AS PART OF THE APPLICATION PROCESS. DO NOT SEND MONEY, ESPECIALLY OUT OF STATE, GIVE ANY CREDIT CARD INFORMATION OR CALL A 900 (PAY PER MINUTE) TELEPHONE NUMBER IN ORDER TO RESPOND TO AN EMPLOYMENT AD.

General

You acknowledge and agree that accessing any material (including Software) or content in GoRecroot may not be appropriate for any particular purpose or audience or may not be legal to certain persons or certain countries; that you are held responsible for compliance with the laws of your jurisdiction. GoRecroot head office is in Makati City, Philippines. All legal issues arising out of this Agreement or related to the use of the web site shall be filed in the courts of Makati City, and the applicable laws shall be those of the Republic of the Philippines. Any provisions contained herein shall not be inferred as a waiver of any right or provision in GoRecroot's failure to assert or enforce strict performance of this Agreement nor that any provisions be modified due to the course of conduct between parties and trade practices. The validity of the provisions in this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect and shall not be affected by any provisions that may be found invalid contained herein by any court having competent jurisdiction. By using GoRecroot, you acknowledge that you have read, understood and agreed to be bound by its Terms and Conditions.

Policy

Disclosure of your private on-line communication or personal information you have provided shall only be done in events when applicable law requires it or on any legal process served on GoRecroot or to protect the rights of its users or the public or when you give us permission to do so. In its sole discretion, GoRecroot reserves the right to report illegal activity it becomes aware of; and will fully cooperate with the law enforcement authorities in investigations, if viewed in suspicion of a crime or any unlawful acts. GoRecroot will not be selling, displaying, distributing nor publishing any of your personally identifiable information unless you take some action to prefer otherwise (ex. when you explicitly give us permission to submit your resume to other career sites). Generally, we must take into account that anything you post to the web site is non-confidential. However, on the Internet "perfect security" does not exist.

Privacy Options

Caution in letting your personally identifying information be accessed by others is advised. With GoRecroot, access to your information can be secured according to your preferences. We provide a unique combination of advanced features to let you take control of how viewable or private you want your personal information to be in our Privacy Options.

Resume

GoRecroot has advanced privacy feature of letting you manipulate the accessibility of your resume on-line. To mention a few, you have choices of actions that helps you control how much of your contact information you want displayed and you have options to block companies or members as to not see your resume.

Passwords

Your e-mail address is the username you use in your account with GoRecroot. We encourage you to change your e-mail passwords frequently to ensure privacy to your account.

3rd Party Career Websites

With your explicit permission (via opt-in or opt-out checkboxes), you give us the authority to create accounts and post your resume and personal information to 3rd party career web sites, subject to the terms, conditions, rules and regulations governing the services provided by each of these sites. We never post your resume and personal information without your explicit consent per 3rd Party Career Website. You hereby further convey to GoRecroot power of attorney only at the time of submission to sign on your behalf (digitally) specifically indicating to each of these 3rd party career web sites that you have read, understood and agree to abide by their terms, conditions, rules and regulations. You additionally acknowledge your understanding that GoRecroot has standardized its web based information gathering forms in order to facilitate the re-posting of your Personal Information on the various web forms and in the various formats required by the various 3rd party career web sites. With this understanding and when necessary you further authorize GoRecroot to make its best efforts to interpret some of your answers to questions provided on the forms in order to re-post whatever information GoRecroot believes, in its sole discretion, are substantially similar answers amongst the available choices on the various 3rd party web sites. GoRecroot makes no warranties of any kind related to its standardization and interpretation of the information gathered in its forms in order to provide information to 3rd party career web sites. You acknowledge and agree that accuracy of your Personal Information on 3rd party web sites is your sole responsibility, and that GoRecroot is not responsible for correcting, changing, modifying, or removing any information provided to 3rd parties on your behalf. By entering into this Agreement you're accepting full and total responsibility for the actions GoRecroot performs on your behalf and at your request, as if you had performed those actions yourself.

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